The concept of low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes originated from the need for membrane softening technology. The demand for ultra-low-pressure reverse osmosis elements was evident from the very beginning of the membrane softening concept, an idea that has been around for over a decade. As early as 1984, literature discussed the economic advantages of low-pressure reverse osmosis compared to lime softening.
By 2025, the reverse osmosis membrane market is projected to reach $12 billion, with a compound annual growth rate of approximately 8.5%. Ultra-low-pressure anti-fouling reverse osmosis membranes, due to their low energy consumption and high anti-fouling properties, are widely used in municipal water supply and seawater desalination pretreatment. Some ultra-low-pressure anti-fouling membranes operate at lower pressures, exhibiting energy-saving and anti-fouling characteristics. Ultra-low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes are also used in the production of electronic-grade ultrapure water. Some ultra-low-pressure anti-fouling membranes with biomimetic designs are used in seawater desalination pretreatment.
